3. Society
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Demographics:
Long-term patterns of demographic development show that Russia is experiencing a population decline. The reasons for this were the decline in the birth rate (Russia had one of the lowest values for an industrialized country), the decreasing life expectancy of the adult population, the specific age structure of the population and the human casualties because of the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian.
Poverty rate:
Poverty in Russia has improved slightly since the early 2000s. Nevertheless, many people have low incomes, and the gap between rich and poor is wide (as measured by the Gini coefficient of 0.36). This means that almost half of the population is at risk of being affected by poverty, either permanently or temporarily. Children in Russia are more likely to be affected by poverty compared to children in Europe. A new group is emerging, the so-called "underclass," which makes up about a quarter of the population. They have low levels of education, poor living conditions and insecure jobs. The government's efforts to address these problems are not enough.
Migration:
In 2021, around 668 thousand individuals relocated to Russia from foreign countries, while approximately 238 thousand departed. Throughout this timeframe, the influx of international migrants arriving in Russia consistently exceeded the number of departures. In the years spanning from 2001 to 2010, the level of international migration within the nation was notably lower.
Religion:
Most Russians adhere to a Christian faith (Russian Orthodox), followed by those without religious affiliation and Muslims.
Minorities:
The predominant ethnic group in Russia is the Russian population, making up more than three-quarters of the population, while all other ethnicities collectively comprise the minority.
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